National Electrical Code Top Ten Tips: Article 300 -- Wiring Methods

Based on the 2023 NEC

by Mark Lamendola

Please note, we do quote from copyrighted material. While the NFPA does allow such quotes, it does so only for the purposes of education regarding the National Electrical Code. This article is not a substitute for the NEC.

These are the 10 Article 300 items we deem most important, based on the pervasiveness of confusion and the potential costs of same.

The language throughout Article 300 misplaces the word "only," but the meaning where this is misused is still clear if you interpolate just a bit.

1. All conductors of the same circuit must be in the same wireway [300.3(B)]. One reason for this is the basic physics involved when the electromagnetic fields of conductors interact. Many other reasons make this requirement of great practical value.
   
   An exception to it does exist, and there are sometimes practical reasons for taking advantage of that exception. 300.3(C) allows conductors at or below 600V to be mixed in the same enclosure, cable, or raceway regardless of their voltage. That mixing is safe from the standpoint of the NEC, but the more of it you do the higher your risk of misoperation and other problems. Good engineering practice demands separating wiring systems as much as is practical. Thus, you would run 5V signal wires in one wireway, 120V control wires in another, and 480V power in yet another—even though you might terminate them all in one control cabinet. Even inside the cabinet, you want to route and bundle the wires so as to maintain the maximum separation that is reasonably attainable. Motor drive power and output wiring deserve extra attention in this regard.
    
2. 300.4 addresses protection against physical damage. Many folks who run nonmetallic-sheathed cables (e.g., Romex) don’t consider adding protection. In residential applications, this is usually unnecessary, but a hole drilled off-center could easily leave the wiring susceptible to puncture from a nail or screw driven to support shelving, cabinets, or other wall-mounted objects.
    
3. Table 300.5(A) provides the minimum cover requirements for buried cable of 0 to 600V.
    
4. Raceways or cable trays containing electrical conductors cannot contain elements of other systems—no water pipes, gas pipes, or any other non-electrical system elements can run in those electrical wireways [300.8]. The intent of 300.8 also means, for example, running nonmetallic-sheathed cables through an A/C duct is a Code violation. It's also pretty stupid for several reasons; you can come up with several if you think about it.
    
5. 300.11 addresses the issues of securing and supporting. Cables and raceways must have their own support—independent of other systems. Their supporting structures cannot be piggybacked onto other supports. For example, you can’t hang conduit from ceiling grids, but you can clamp to the I-beams or rafters to hang rod and strut specifically for the conduit.
   
   300.11(C) prohibits using wireways to support other wireways, cables, or non-electrical equipment. Thus, using cable ties to secure the wiring for that new PA system to conduit or EMT is a Code violation. A chief concern of 300.11 is that electrical wireways be independent. They may share a support—for example, you can strap multiple conduits or tubing to a strut suspended by two rods. But, you cannot then strap a strut to those conduits (or tubing) and hang a secondary set of rods to support another set of conduit or anything else.
    
6. 300.12 requires mechanical continuity of raceways and cable sheaths. One reason is the raceway forms a "shell" for the conductors. Where you have gaps, the conductors will likely take on physical stress for which they were not designed.
    
7. 300.13 requires mechanical and electrical continuity for conductors in raceways. In other words, you cannot have a splice in a raceway (but you can have it in a box or conduit body that has an accessible cover). 300.5 does allow splices in direct-buried conductors. That’s because you can use instruments to locate the splices and you can excavate to get to them. However, it’s much more difficult to do maintenance and inspection on conductors that are in raceways.
    
8. 300.15 explains the exceptions noted in our comments in the preceding item, and it addresses similar issues in 12 subheadings.
    
9. 300.19 and Table 300.19(A) provide specifics on conductor and raceway supports in vertical raceways. This includes spacing intervals and support methods.
    
10. Conductors must be grouped together to reduce heating (this takes advantage of magnetic field interaction and cancellation) [300.20]. This requirement has two Exceptions. 300.20 (B) prescribes a technique few people know about. In fact, when an article explaining this appeared in EC&M Magazine, many readers thought it was a hoax. It is not. The technique involves cutting cooling slots in the holes through which a single conductor passes. This item has an Exception and an Informational Note. It is worth becoming familiar with.